Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic.[9] It is commonly used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome.[9] It may also be used to cause memory loss during certain medical procedures.[10][11] It can be taken by mouth, inserted into the rectum, injected into muscle, injected into a vein or used as a nasal spray.[5][11] When given into a vein, effects begin in one to five minutes and last up to an hour.[11] By mouth, effects begin after 15 to 60 minutes.[12]
Common side effects include sleepiness and trouble with coordination.[7][11] Serious side effects are rare.[9] They include increased risk of suicide, decreased breathing, and an increased risk of seizures if used too frequently in those with epilepsy.[9][11][13] Occasionally, excitement or agitation may occur.[14][15] Long-term use can result in tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms on dose reduction.[9] Abrupt stopping after long-term use can be potentially dangerous.[9] After stopping, cognitive problems may persist for six months or longer.[14] It is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[11] Its mechanism of action works by increasing the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).[14]
